New candidate SNPs for genetic association with Alzheimer's disease: a linkage disequilibrium analysis for the FCGRIIB and PILRA genes

Background Two new SNPs have been recently associated to Alzheimer's disease in African American populations: FCGRIIB rs1050501 C/T, and PILRA rs1859788 A/G. The risk of Alzheimer's disease in FCGRIIB C and PILRA A allele carriers is three times higher than in non-carriers. However, the association between these and other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has not been assessed. Methods Linkage disequilibrium analysis, with r= 0.8 as a threshold value, was used to impute new candidate SNPs, on genomic data from both genes in 26 populations worldwide (n= 2504) from the 1000Genomes database. Results Four SNPs (rs13376485, rs3767640, rs3767639 and rs3767641) were linked to rs1050501 and one (rs2405442) to rs1859788 in the whole sample. Conclusions Five novel SNPs could be associated with Alzheimer's disease susceptibility and play a causal role, even if none of them are exon variants since their potential roles in the regulation of gene expression.

Antecedentes Recientemente se han asociado dos nuevos polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) a la enfermedad de Alzheimer en poblaciones afroamericanas: FCGRIIB rs1050501 C/T, y PILRA rs1859788 A/G. El riesgo de enfermedad de Alzheimer en los portadores de los alelos FCGRIIB C y PILRA A es tres veces mayor que en los no portadores. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado la asociación entre estos y otros SNP. Métodos Se utilizó el análisis de desequilibrio de ligamiento, con r2= 0,8 como valor umbral, para imputar nuevos SNPs candidatos, sobre datos genómicos de ambos genes en 26 poblaciones de todo el mundo (n= 2504) de la base de datos 1000Genomes. Resultados Cuatro SNPs (rs13376485, rs3767640, rs3767639 y rs3767641) se vincularon al rs1050501 y uno (rs2405442) al rs1859788 en toda la muestra. Conclusiones Cinco nuevos SNP podrían estar asociados con la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad de Alzheimer y desempeñar un papel causal, aunque ninguno de ellos sea una variante de exón, dado su papel potencial en la regulación de la expresión génica.

Percepción de apoyo social en padres de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Fundamento: el apoyo de familiares y del equipo de salud a los padres cuidadores de sus hijos diabéticos es fundamental para el afrontamiento a los cambios que provoca esta enfermedad en la dinámica familiar. Objetivo: describir la percepción de los padres cuidadores sobre el apoyo familiar y de los Sistemas de Salud en el comienzo de sus hijos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado mediante entrevista semiestructurada a cuatro padres cuidadores de niños con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1. El consentimiento informado fue realizado vía Google Forms y la entrevista fue vía plataforma ZOOM. Las entrevistas tuvieron una duración de 30 minutos. El análisis de las entrevistas se realizó utilizando el programa ATLAS.ti versión 22. Resultados: el comienzo de la enfermedad de los niños fue recibido por los padres con mucha confusión y falta de conocimiento. En cuanto a las redes de apoyo, los padres declararon la soledad como vivencia en el cuidado de los niños y, en relación a los equipos de salud, relataron que está enfocada en los cuidados básicos que tenían que cumplir, como la alimentación y el control glucémico, con ausencia de preocupación por el apoyo emocional. Conclusiones: las necesidades de apoyo desde los equipos de salud, a los padres cuidadores, más allá del control de la enfermedad, es una necesidad explícita desde la evidencia, que aún no ha sido considerada por los Sistemas de Salud. El apoyo debe trascender la familia, con una actuación importante de los profesionales de la salud y todo el contexto en que están insertos los niños, para contribuir a un manejo adecuado de la enfermedad.

Foundation: the support of family members and the health team for parents caring for their diabetic children is essential for facing with the changes that this disease causes in family dynamics. Objective: to describe the perception of parent caregivers about family support and Health Systems at the beginning of their children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: qualitative descriptive study carried out through semi-structured interviews with four parent caregivers of children with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Informed consent was carried out via Google forms and the interview was via the ZOOM platform. The interviews lasted 30 minutes. The analysis of the interviews was carried out using the ATLAS.ti version 22 program. Results: the beginning of the children's illness was received by parents with much confusion and lack of knowledge. Regarding the support networks, the parents declared loneliness in the experience of caring for the children and, in relation to the health teams, they reported that it is focused on the basic care that they had to fulfill, such as food and hygiene, glycemic control, with absence of concern for emotional support. Conclusions: the support needs from health teams to parent caregivers, beyond disease control, is an explicit need from the evidence, which has not yet been considered by Health Systems. Support must go beyond the family, with important action by health professionals and the entire context in which children are inserted, to contribute to adequate management of the disease.

population analysis of the CLOCK rs3749474T-rs4864548A haplotype and its relationship with obesity / Análisis poblacional in silico del haplotipo CLOCK rs3749474T-rs4864548A y su relación con obesidad

Se ha sugerido que el haplotipo rs3749474T/rs4864548A del gen CLOCK aumentaría el riesgo de obesidad, pero se desconoce el patrón de variabilidad poblacional de estos alelos y del haplotipo. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el nivel de ligamiento entre los alelos de riesgo rs3749474T y rs4864548A a partir de la base de datos 1000Genomes para confirmar la existencia del haplotipo TA de los polimorfismos rs3749474-rs4864548 del gen CLOCK y su frecuencia cinco macro poblaciones. Se analizó el desequilibrio de ligamiento y las frecuencias haplotípicas para 2504 individuos, de 26 poblaciones, utilizando el estadístico r y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Existe una alta frecuencia del haplotipo TA en Latinoamérica (44,8%), un alto desequilibrio de ligamiento (r= 0,92) a nivel mundial entre esos alelos, una alta diferenciación entre macro poblaciones y una alta homogeneidad al interior de ellas. La evidencia presentada permite sugerir la realización de posteriores estudios de asociación entre este haplotipo y el nivel de riesgo de obesidad y sobrepeso en poblaciones latinoamericanas.

It has been suggested that the rs3749474T/rs4864548A haplotype of the CLOCK gene increases the risk of obesity, but the population variability of these alleles and the haplotype is unknown. This research aims to determine the linkage between the rs3749474T and rs4864548A alleles from the database of 1000Genomes to confirm the existence of the TA haplotype polymorphisms of these alleles and their frequency in five macro populations. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequencies for 2504 individuals from 26 populations were analyzed using the r statistic and Fisher's exact test. There is a high frequency of the TA haplotype in Latin America (44.8%), a high linkage disequilibrium (r2= 0.92) worldwide between these alleles, a high differentiation between macro populations, and a high homogeneity. The evidence warrants further studies on the association between this haplotype and the risk of obesity and overweight in Latin American populations.

Caracterización de la identidad digital en estudiantes chilenos de ciencias de la salud. Un estudio de caso según género / Characteristics of the current digital identity in Chilean students. A case study by gender in the area of Health Sciences

Resumen Las huellas digitales que se dejan al participar de un mundo altamente digitalizado e hiperconectado acompañan a los individuos durante toda su vida y son elementos constitutivos de la identidad digital. Este estudio de caso de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, de corte transversal basado en el paradigma cuantitativo tiene por objetivo describir el yo físico en medios digitales,considerando las diferencias prresentes según el género bajo su conceptualización binaria de hombre y mujer, de manera de identificar conductas estereotípicas que debiesen ser consideradas en el proceso formativo en estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud chilenos. Se evaluó a 224 estudiantes universitarios a través de una encuesta, para identificar el tipo de información de su yo físico compartido en la red y cuáles son los medios de conectividad que utilizan para ingresar a la red. En términos generales, se concluyó que los universitarios utilizan preferentemente el celular como dispositivo de acceso a internet, son altamente transparentes y veraces al momento de autentificarse en plataformas y redes sociales, pero son las mujeres las más proclives a autentificarse con datos personales fidedignos. Este hecho abre la necesidad de incluir en el proceso formativo de los futuros profesionales de la salud competencias digitales relativas al autocuidado y la gestión identitaria.

Abstract The fingerprints left by participating in a highly digitized and hyper-connected world accompany individuals throughout their lives and are constitutive elements of their digital identity. This descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional case study based on the quantitative paradigm aims to describe the physical self in digital media, according to gender under its binary conceptualization of man and woman, in order to identify stereotypical gender behaviors that should be considered in the training process in students of the Chilean Health Sciences area. From the perspective of the participants, this research considered a non-probabilistic sample of 224 university students (164 women and 60 men) who participated voluntarily. Nonparametric tests were used since the data is ordinal and one of the advantages of these tests is that they should not fit any distribution and can be applied even if the parametric validity conditions are not met. To look for differences by gender, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test was applied (95 %; .05). Among the relevant results is the fact that men preferably use the internet connection available at home, women choose the one provided by their cell phone (p = .0469 and p = .0404, respectively). Likewise, the cellphone is the main technological device from which both prefer to access the network. From the sample, 79.88 % of women and 76.67 % of men state that they are, at least, 3 hours a day connected to the network. Women tend to identify themselves on digital platforms more frequently than men, using their real name and surname. Meanwhile, men tend to use nicknames more often than women. In this research it was concluded that students in the Health Sciences area are highly truthful in relation to the information they share in digital media, leaving data available that allows for a clear identification of their physical self on the internet. In addition, their main means of connection are their cellphones and the data networks that they provide through the use of their phone plans. There is a clear reflection of correspondence between their face-to-face and digital life, maintaining certain behaviors that can be attributed to gender stereotypes, but to a low degree. Finally, there is a clear need to include aspects related to digital competences in the training process that address the importance and proper management of communications in digital media, as well as the development and management of digital identity from a professional ethics perspective, since their actions on the network can involve and affect not only the construction of their own personal and professional digital identity, but also the personal lives of their patients and colleagues. It is important to note that these conclusions have some limitations, since this research is a cross-sectional study, and the sample was intentional per volunteer subject and not random. This implies that the results obtained are limited to the sample studied and describe its behavior at a given time. However, according to the purpose of the study, this type of sample manages to build a theoretical body that describes the common elements and the differences inherent in a collective case study, so it can be considered a good approximation to the Chilean reality. From a practical point of view, the conclusions of this research provide higher education institutions with evidence that allows progress towards a comprehensive, solid, and coherent training regarding the digital skills required by a university professional graduating in a highly digitized world. Considering the above, it would be advisable to advance in future studies that consider knowing what digital protection measures are incorporated in the training of university students.

Potencial efecto conjunto de los alelos SNP rs3749474T y SNP rs4864548A del gen CLOCK sobre el estado nutricional y cronotipo en jóvenes universitarios / Potential Joint Effect of the SNP rs3749474T and SNP rs4864548AAlleles of the CLOCK Gene on Nutritional Status and Chronotype in Young University Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar el estado nutricional, cronotipo y conducta alimentaria que presenta un sujeto que posee simultáneamente los polimorfismos rs3749474T y rs4864548A con respecto a grupos de sujetos que poseen solo uno de dichos polimorfismos. Métodos: La presencia de los polimorfismos se determinó mediante PCR. Se determinó IMC, riesgo cardiovascular y porcentaje de grasa según lo descrito por Durnin y Womersley y la ecuación de Siri. Se aplicó el cuestionario TFEQ-P19 adaptado a población chilena y el cuestionario Horne-Ostberg. Resultados: El sujeto con ambos polimorfismos presentó obesidad, riesgo cardiovascular y cronotipo trasnochador. Sus puntajes en las dimensiones de alimentación sin control y alimentación emocional fueron bajos. Su puntaje en cuanto a la restricción cognitiva fue el más alto. Conclusiones: La presencia del haplotipo TA (rs3749474T; rs4864548A) aumentaría la posibilidad de tener un cronotipo de tipo de tipo trasnochador, riesgo de obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular asociado a los centímetros de cintura.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the nutritional status, chronotype and eating behavior of a subject who simultaneously has the rs3749474T and rs4864548A polymorphisms to groups of subjects who have only one of these polymorphisms. Methods: The presence of the polymorphisms was established by PCR. BMI, cardiovascular risk, and fat percentage were determined as described by Durnin and Womersley and the Siri equation. The TFEQ-P19 questionnaire (adapted to the Chilean population) and the Hor-ne-Ostberg questionnaire were applied. Results: The subject with both polymorphisms presented obesity, cardiovascular risk, and late-night chronotype. Its scores on the dimensions of uncontrolled feeding and emotional feeding were low, and its score for cognitive restriction was the highest. Conclusions: The presence of the TA haplotype (rs3749474; rs4864548A) would increase the possibility of having a late-night type chronotype, risk of obesity, and cardiovascular risk associated with waist centimeters.

Comparación de los valores de alpha ratio entre hombres y mujeres fumadores y no fumadores entre 18 y 26 años / Comparison of alpha ratio values between men and women smokers and non-smokers between 18 and 26 years

El hábito de fumar puede causar daños a la voz, incluso en etapas tempranas. El valor alpha ratio permitiría detectar cambios en el timbre de voz debido a dicho hábito, pudiendo ser un indicador preventivo de futuras patologías vocales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existen diferencias significativas entre los valores de alpha ratio de hombres y mujeres, fumadores y no fumadores, sin patología vocal previa, de manera de respaldar su uso a nivel preventivo. Se midieron los valores Leq 0-1000 Hz y Leq 1000-5000 Hz, que componen alpha ratio, en 194 sujetos entre 18 y 26 años que no hacen uso profesional de la voz. El grupo se dividió en 32 hombres fumadores y 21 no fumadores, 61 mujeres fumadoras y 80 no fumadoras. Se grabaron sus voces en una cámara silente, utilizando los programas Audacity y PRAAT. Los valores alpha ratio en fumadores tanto en hombres como mujeres, presentaron valores promedio mayores que los no fumadores. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores de alpha ratio entre hombre fumadores y no fumadores (p = .2799) solo entre mujeres fumadoras y no fumadoras (p = .0111). Se compararon los valores Leq 0-1000 Hz y Leq 1000-5000 Hz entre mujeres fumadoras y no fumadoras encontrándose solo diferencias significativas en los valores Leq 1000-5000 Hz (p = .0095). Se puede concluir que el valor alpha ratio podría ser un buen indicador temprano de predisposición para el desarrollo de alteraciones que afecten el timbre de voz, en especial en el caso de las mujeres.

Smoking habit can cause damage to the voice, even in the early stages, which can hinder the communication process. Early identification of alterations in vocal parameters allows preventive measures to be taken prior to the generation of irreversible damage. The alpha ratio value is a vocal parameter obtained through an acoustic analysis that would allow detecting changes in the voice timbre, being able to be a preventive indicator of vocal pathologies. The objective of this investigation was to determine if there are significant differences between the alpha ratio values of men and women, smokers and non-smokers, without previous vocal pathology. The values Leq 0-1000 [Hz] and Leq 1000-5000 [Hz], which make up the alpha ratio value, were measured in 194 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age who did not use professional voice. The group was divided into 32 male smokers and 21 non-smokers, 61 females mokers and 80 non-smokers. The information gathering process was carried out in two stages: in the first one the subject was asked to inhale deeply and to emit a / a / sustained for a time of 5 seconds, for calibration and verification of parameters. In the second stage, a text of 101 words was requested: For the recording, a microphone was used 10 cm away from the face, with a 45° angle to it. Study subjects were standing at all times. The Audacity and PRAAT programs were used for recording and acoustic analysis, respectively, and for the statistical analysis the STATA version 14 program was used. Alpha ratio values in smokers (men and women) presented higher values than non-smokers. Male smokers average alpha ratio: .5181709; male non-smokers average alpha ratio value: .4972945. Female smokers, average alpha ratio: .5321025; Non-smoking women, average alpha ratio value: .5036634. However, no significant differences were found between the values of alpha ratio between male smokers and non-smokers (p = .2799) only among females mokers and non-smokers (p = .0111). When there were statistically significant differences between the alpha ratio values of smoking and non-smoking women, the values of Leq 0-1000Hz and Leq 1000-5000 Hz were analyzed independently. The mean value Leq 0-1000 Hz of female smokers was 36.80148; The mean value Leq 0-1000 Hz in non-smoking women was 35.8655. There is no significant difference between these values (p = .171). The mean value Leq 1000-5000 Hz of female smokers was 19.58016; the mean value Leq 1000-5000 Hz in non-smoking women was 18.15138; there is a significant difference between these values (p =.0095). These results are consistent with previous research since the alterations of the voice, due to tobacco damage, are manifested in frequencies above 1000 Hz, although it would have been expected that the values of smokers were lower than the non-smokers, and not higher as in this case. This could be due to the fact that the subjects in this study were healthy, with no diagnosed pathology, and are likely to be at an early stage of vocal damage and as a compensatory form their system is making an over exertion that manifests itself in more values high. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the alpha ratio value could be a good early indicator of predisposition for the development of alterations affecting voice timbre especially in the case of women. It is necessary in order to provide a correct preventive diagnosis, to establish reference values of normality that allow to identify alterations and to study how the value of alpha ratio was affected in a population of smokers with greater number of years of smoking habit.

Características antropométricas de futbolistas chilenos juveniles sub 14, sub 15 y sub 16 / Anthropometric characteristics of Chilean youth soccer player sub 14, sub 15 and sub 16

El fútbol es el deporte más practicado a nivel mundial. Esta popularidad se debe a que prácticamente cualquier persona lo puede jugar de manera amateur, pero a medida que se va profesionalizando se requiere la valoración de un perfil antropométrico que favorezca un rol determinado dentro del campo de juego. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las características antropométricas de futbolistas chilenos juveniles sub 14, sub 15 y sub 16 de acuerdo con la posición de juego y la categoría. Se evaluaron a 180 futbolistas juveniles de sexo masculino con edades entre los 13 y 16 años, pertenecientes a las divisiones inferiores de los clubes: Audax Italiano, Cobresal y Magallanes de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los datos se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con p < .05. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso, talla, sumatoria de 6 pliegues, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales entre jugadores de distintas posiciones de juego. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en el peso, talla, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, músculo, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales menos en la radial-estiloidea entre jugadores de distintas categorías. Los resultados muestran la importancia de dividir a los futbolistas juveniles en un mayor número de roles posicionales al momento de definir las características antropométricas ideales según su ubicación en el terreno de juego. Las diferencias encontradas en la composición corporal entre categorías sugieren prestar atención al desarrollo madurativo al momento de promover a algún jugador a una división mayor.

Soccer is the most practiced sport in the world. This popularity is since practically anyone can play it amateurishly, but as it becomes professionalized it requires the valuation of ananthropometric profile that favors a certain role within the playing field. The objective of the study was to compare the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean youth soccer players sub 14, sub 15 and sub 16 according to the game position and category. The number of individuals evaluated in this study was 180 male youth players in the sub 14 categories (n = 60), sub 15 (n = 58) and sub 16 (n = 62), belonging to the lower divisions of the soccer clubs: Audax Italiano (n = 62), Cobresal (n = 57) and Magallanes (n =61) from the Metropolitan Region. The sample was chosen for convenience and consists of the total of players belonging to these three categories and these three soccer teams. These players had an average training of 4 days a week with a duration of each practice session of 120 minutes, plus a match on weekends with a duration of 90 minutes. There were significant differences in all of them between different game positions. We can emphasize that the central defenses presented the greatest statistical differences in all the lengths corresponding to the lower limbs: iliospinal height (97.6 ± 3.6), trochanteric height (92.1 ± 3.3), trochanteric-tibial lateral length (45.2 ± 1.7), lateral tibial height (46.3 ± 1.8) and medial-malleolar medial tibial length (38.7 ± 2.0), whereas the archers had them in the lengths of the train superior: acromio-radial (33.0 ± 1.6), radial-styloid (27.8 ± 1.7) and styloid-dactyly medium (20.2 ± 1.0). It was also found that there are significant differences in weight among players of different categories, with those of sub 16 having the highest weight (65.7 ± 7.4) and those of sub 14 the lowest (58.7 ± 8.1). At the same time, it is shown how there are statistical differences in the size between the sub 14 division who obtained the lowest measurement on average and the other 2 series confronted, but not so between sub 15 and sub 16, the latter being those who had the highest stature on average. It is also shown as the percentage of fat mass, ranging between 24.2 % of the sub 15 division in its lower limit, and 25.2% of the sub 14 in its upper limit being all considered as "acceptable" and without statistical significance between any categories. Statistical differences were found between the sub 14 category and the sub 16 category in all body lengths except in the radial-styloid. It is also shown that there are significant differences between the sub 14 and sub 15 in the lengths: acromio-radial and trochanteric-lateral tibial and in the heights: ilio-spinal, trochanteric and lateral tibial. This is directly related to the lower average stature they present in the sub-division 14. In turn, no statistical significance was found at any length between sub-15 and sub-16 players. Likewise, statistical differences were found in the weight, height, and weight of: skin, fat, bone mass, muscle, residual mass and in all body lengths less than radial-styloid among players of different categories. The results show the importance of dividing the young players in a greater number of positional roles when defining the ideal anthropometric characteristics according to their location in the field of play. The differences found in the body composition between categories suggest paying attention to the development of maturity when promoting a player to a larger division.

Control del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica / Control of Heart Rate, Energy Intake and Quality of Sleep in Dancers of Classical Dance

Fundamento: la danza clásica requiere de capacidades específicas a nivel de fuerza, velocidad, y flexibilidad. El entrenamiento implica sobrecarga y estrés a largo plazo, al haber desequilibrio entre cargas y recuperación se puede originar síndrome de sobre entrenamiento. No existen procedimientos específicos que permitan diagnosticar este síndrome, es necesario tener marcadores que proporcionen información previa a su desarrollo. El análisis de la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco es una herramienta válida y no invasiva para evaluar el sistema nervioso autónomo frente a la carga de entrenamiento. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de las fases de preparación al estreno de temporada sobre el control autonómico del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y la calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, durante la preparación previa de bailarines de danza clásica, para la temporada del 2015 que se realizó durante el mes de julio. El universo estuvo constituido por los 25 bailarines profesionales, la muestra quedó conformada por nueve individuos sanos y sin lesiones y/o tratamiento farmacológico. A los bailarines se les registraron parámetros de variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, registro de consumo de alimentos de 24 horas y encuesta de calidad de sueño. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para medidas de tendencia central. Para la comparación de las fases, se utilizó la prueba de t student. Para el análisis de correlación se utilizó el test de Spearman. Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas entre los parámetros evaluados. Se encontró una correlación entre pNN50 y el puntaje del Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh en la fase 1 (r= -0,77; p= 0,02). Conclusiones: desde el punto de vista estadístico los resultados sugieren que las fases de preparación previas al estreno no influyen en la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad de sueño. Clínicamente se observó que la variabilidad tiende a disminuir mientras que la ingesta energética aumenta y la calidad del sueño tiende a mejorar.

Foundation: classical dance requires specific capacities at the level of strength, speed and flexibility. Training implies a long-term training overload and stress; therefor, an imbalance load-recovery may cause a syndrome of overtraining. There are no specific procedures to diagnose it, and then it is necessary to have markers, which provide information previously. Objective: to determine the influence of training phases at the premiere of the season on the autonomic control of cardiac rate, energy consumption and sleep quality in dancers of classical dance. Method: a cross-descriptive study was realized in the Santiago de Chile city, during previous training of classical dance dancers, for the season 2015, which was performed during July. The universe constituted by 25 professional dancers, the sample selected was nine healthy dancers without lesions and/or pharmacological treatment. Variations of cardiac rate food consumption in 24 hours were registered and a survey for quality of sleep. A descriptive statistic was used for the measurements of central trend. For comparisons of phases, the test of t student was uses. For correlation analysis, Spearman test was used. Results: there were no significant differences among the parameters evaluated. It was found a correlation between pNN50 and the score for quality of sleep by Pittsburgh in the phase 1 (r= -0, 77; p= 0, 02). Conclusion: from the statistical point of view, the results suggest that the training phases before the premiere do not influence the variations of cardiac rate, energy intake and quality of sleep. It was clinically observed that the variability tends to decrease while the energy consumption increases and the quality of sleep tends to improve.

Perfil morfológico de jugadoras profesionales de fútbol en Chile / Morphological Profile of Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Fundamentos: En deportes colectivos como el fútbol, el conocimiento de los perfiles de los jugadores puede permitir una mejor selección y entrenamiento. El fútbol femenino, si bien comenzó en los años 70, solo en las últimas décadas ha tenido un desarrollo profesional considerable.Objetivo: describir el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de futbolistas mujeres.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, que consistió en evaluar a 72 jugadoras del sexo femenino, pertenecientes a la Federación Chilena de Fútbol Femenino. Para la obtención y análisis del perfil morfológico de estas, se midió masa corporal, estatura de pie, estatura sentado, sumatoria de seis pliegues cutáneos y sumatoria de ocho pliegues cutáneos, según el protocolo de marcaje y medición de la Sociedad Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Cineantropometría. También fueron calculados los tres componentes del somatotipo de Heath-Carter por cada posición de juego.Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas a nivel de masa corporal, estura, sumatoria de seis y ocho pliegues, pero sí en la variable estatura sentado (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas a niveles absolutos y relativos de masa muscular y adiposa, pero sí en la masa ósea relativa (p<0,05). El 66,7 % de las jugadoras presentó un mesomorfismo como componente principal.Conclusión: en todas las categorías predominó el somatotipo mesomórfico, y existen diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre categorías, por ello sería importante considerar estrategias específicas para cada una de ellas a fin de optimizar el rendimiento deportivo de las atletas.

Foundation: In team sports as soccer, knowing the player´s profiles may allow a better choice and training. Female soccer, even though it started in the 70´s, only in the last decades it has had a considerable development.Objective: to describe the anthropometric and somatotype of soccer female players.Methods: descriptive study which consisted on evaluating 72 female soccer players pertaining to the Chilean Female Soccer Federation. For obtaining and analyzing their morphologic profile, their body mass, standing height, sitting height, the total sum of six cutaneous folders and eight cutaneous folders were measured according to the protocol of marking and measuring of the International Society for developing Cineanthropometry. There were also calculated the three components of Health-Carter somatotype for each game position.Results: There were not found significant differences of body mass, height, total of six and eight cutaneous folders, there were in the variable sitting height (p<0,05). There were not significant differences at absolute and relative levels of adipose and body mass but there was in relative bone mass (p<0, 05). The 66, 7 % of the players showed a mesomorphism as the main component.Conclusion: Mesomorphic somatotype predominated in all categories and there are significant differences among categories. That is why it is necessary to consider specific strategies for each of them aiming at optimizing the athlete's sport output

Rehabilitación de marcha sobre suelo para sujetos con secuelas crónicas de accidente cerebrovascular / March on soil rehabilitation for individuals with chronic sequelae of stroke

Resumen Objetivo: Comprobar la validez y aplicabilidad de los resultados con respecto a la efectividad en la rehabilitación de marcha sobre superficie en sujetos con ACV y responder la siguiente interrogante: en sujetos que presentan secuelas crónicas de ACV ¿la rehabilitación sobre superficie puede aumentar la funcionalidad de la marcha? Métodos: Se analizó el artículo "Entrenamiento de la marcha sobre superficie en individuos con accidente cerebrovascular crónico", revisión sistemática Cochrane, de States et al. (2009). Resultados: La rehabilitación de marcha sobre suelo no produce cambios significativos en relación con la funcionalidad de la marcha en sujetos con secuelas crónicas de ACV (mayor a seis meses, presentando una diferencia media estandarizada (DME) de 0.19; (IC 95 %; -0.05 a 0.43). Sin embargo, el entrenamiento de la marcha podría generar cambios estadísticamente significativos en relación con su rendimiento, y presentar una diferencia media (DM) de 26.06 [7.14 a 44.97] en la cantidad de metros recorridos posterior a la rehabilitación. Conclusión: A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas y la baja cantidad de estudios incluidos en la revisión sistemática analizada, se encuentra razonable recomendar la rehabilitación de marcha sobre superficie en sujetos con secuelas motoras crónicas de ACV como un complemento a la terapia kinésica estándar, ya que si bien no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la funcionalidad de la marcha, se reportan cambios importantes en su rendimiento, traduciéndose en modificaciones clínicas relevantes para el sujeto afectado.

Abstract Objective: To assess the validity and applicability of the results regarding the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of gait in subjects with stroke surface and answer the following question; In subjects with chronic sequelae of stroke rehabilitation on Is the surface can increase the functionality of the march? Methods: The article "Gait training on surface in individuals with chronic stroke," Co-chrane systematic review of States et al. (2009) were analyzed. Results: The Rehabilitation march on soil does not produce significant changes in relation to the functionality of the progress in subjects with chronic sequelae of stroke (more than six months, presenting a standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.19, (95% - from 0.05 to 0.43). However, the gait training could generate statistically significant changes in relation to their performance, presenting a mean difference (MD) of 26.06 [7.14 to 44.97] in the amount of meters back tours rehabilitation. Conclusion: Despite the methodological limitations and the low number of studies included in the systematic review analyzed is reasonable to recommend the rehabilitation of surface march on chronic stroke patients with motor sequelae as an adjunct to standard therapy kinésica as, although no statistically significant differences in gait functionality, significant changes are reported in their performance, resulting in clinically relevant changes for the affected individual.